Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Undertaking Management - Essay Example Estimation and responsibility; check if the assignment has been a champ and on the off chance that it has kept up all through. This is finished by holding gatherings and meeting the pioneers of their individual tasks (Ganon, 2004). With the extension first, distinguish the undertaking timetable and time the executives wherein the venture administrator should think of a sensible arrangement and its proficient administration and characterize the time period for finishing of the task. Furthermore, a genuine venture is distinguished inside the predefined financial plan. Thirdly, acquisition ought to be set up. Fourthly, think about the task quality. Fifthly, the venture group ought to be taken a gander at guaranteeing the task has the correct abilities, at the perfect spot and the correct span to guarantee there is the perfection in the entire undertaking time. Sixthly, guarantee there is appropriate and brief correspondence among the task players. At last, recognize the vulnerabilities. What are the potential reasons for dangers in that venture, what is their chance of event and their seriousness, and what measures would we be able to take to relieve them ( Patel, 2008). Gantt graphs and Critical ways help obviously spot where assets should be envisioned and distribute them. The Gantt assists with guaranteeing the venture is inside the spending imperative, a thing Mrs. Penny never contemplated making the undertaking to lose a huge number of dollars. They likewise help the cooperative people to be in the same spot as there is a visual structure of the work to be finished. Odds of disarray and misconstruing are limited as all the partners hold similar information. The Gantt graph likewise helps in attempted the undertaking relationship among the task group. The table aides in recognizing how different functions are interrelated towards accomplishing the target of the task. In the event that Penny Black could have plotted the exercises of the various capacities conveyed

Disabled Monologue Free Essays

Incapacitated Monolog Setting: [Fruit Man strolls to the focal point of the stage] Fruit Man:I recall the day he left and the day he returned. Groups cheered him off yet just a couple invited him home. The reality was that no one had minded enough to make a special effort to see the negative parts of the war they once had supported. We will compose a custom article test on Impaired Monolog or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now I saw them return, individually, leaving the boats, practically every one of them broken as it were, truly or intellectually. They merited much appreciated, so I gave them organic products, an activity that would mean little when they left, yet means everything to them now. This warrior, I was there as he proceeded to come, and I have seen everything. Today, not at all like a year prior, no huge invite home for them. They were not invited home as they had expected they would be. Thousands came to send them off and cheer them on. Warriors joyfully walking down the avenues, waving to cheering groups, tolerating blossoms from pretty young ladies. Some saucy troopers may even take a kiss to a great extent. It was so cheerful, glad and noteworthy. Everything was ruddy and acceptable. Everybody figured it would be a short war and a glad one and obviously we will win. Nobody gave an idea about anybody getting injured or murdered. He had once been so youthful and virile. Presently he is injured, ugly. He had been silly when he was youthful; the media convinced him that the war was magnificent, fun and charming. It was cool wearing a military uniform and conveying a rifle. It was energizing, an experience and possibly restoring a saint with a decoration. AAH, the pretty young ladies and the kisses, the beneficial what might be on the horizon. The youthful warrior isn’t pondering getting injured or executed. At that point, the truth! It isn't right that society doesn't welcome the hardships and penances that were made for their benefit. Practically none of the soldiers’ work was amazing, great or fun. Their work was essential. The vast majority of this work conflicts with what we value in our general public. We were instructed that ‘life is valuable’ and ‘violence is bad’. This war, a war no one needs. He was such an attractive man, a women man before he joined the military. Presently, broken, run down and more established than his genuine age. No ladies will take a second look at him. They very much want sound ones. Legends are solid and large. Legends don't get harmed. Young ladies would prefer not to be with injures. How he should despise this. He used to get such a great amount of consideration from the young ladies. What a miserable life. He doesn't need pity or disturb. He needs profound respect and love. Recollections can be so remorseless. It is very discouraging to see that he will be sent to a military medical clinic. I am certain many trials will be finished attempting to fix him until they conclude that they are nothing they can accomplish for him. He will be released and live alone on government presents. What a horrible life lies ahead. He will be distant from everyone else, vulnerable and he will never encounter the adoration for a lady or have a family. The poor man, the amount he has LOST. Instructions to refer to Disabled Monolog, Essay models

Nuclear Technology essays

Atomic Technology papers The utilization of atomic innovation for regular citizen and military use is a profoundly dubious issue. The vast majority contend that atomic innovation is awful. Be that as it may, they don't break down how atomic innovation can be something worth being thankful for. To me, the upsides of atomic innovation out way the weaknesses. A similar examination of the preferences and drawbacks makes it simple to perceive how atomic innovation is the route forward. Despite the fact that atomic expansion and fear mongers are not kidding dangers, atomic innovation is useful for regular citizen utilizes in that it delivers significant returns of naturally well disposed power and it is useful for military uses in that it keeps up a force balance and keeps nations from doing battle. As the human populace develops and more advances are made in innovation, our vitality request rises incredibly. To fulfill these vitality needs, enormous sums assets are utilized. The vast majority of these assets are petroleum derivatives. Hydropower, wind power and other ecologically neighborly strategies of creating power have incredible monetary and natural points of interest however these methods are uncommon. The explanation is on the grounds that these methods require a lot of innovation and are over the top expensive. Additionally the yields of power from these procedures are a lot of lower than that of petroleum products. Non-renewable energy sources are rich nowadays and are generally accessible. Creating power utilizing petroleum derivatives likewise requires little innovation and are not all that costly. This is the reason they are generally utilized. Notwithstanding, the non-renewable energy sources contribute incredibly to contamination. Contamination is a major issue n ow since it represents a danger to us as it causes an Earth-wide temperature boost and a nursery impact that is destructive to us. Hence, ecologically neighborly strategies of delivering power are the other option. What might be the perfect wellspring of vitality is something that doesn't contaminate nature, is financially savvy and delivers a high return of vitality. The nearest to these models is atomic technolog... <!

Literary Analysis Frankenstein Essay Example

Artistic Analysis Frankenstein Essay Hinting is extraordinary abstract gadget that gets, snares, and catches the reader’s consideration. In a novel utilizing hinting leaves the peruser dazzled about what arrangement of occasions will happen straightaway. Likewise, it permits the peruser to plan a decision about what will occur with the characters toward the finish of the novel. In Mary Shelley’s, Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein was resolved, inquisitive, and incredibly imaginative. In the novel, Victor was extremely resolved to advance his logical abilities so as to make a creation. Victor is a crazy lab rat that devotes most of his day on unadulterated science and various activities. At the point when you are extremely enthusiastic about something you will in general make that your principle focus. Being resolved implies that you don't surrender effectively and you protect through whatever you are battling with. Likewise, you keep on endeavoring to accomplish that objective or dream, set the bar high, a nd redefine known limits. Now and again things don’t consistently happen precisely the manner in which you arranged and it is something contrary to what you anticipated. After the beast woke up, Victor wasn’t precisely excited about its appearance. As indicated by â€Å"Frankenstein† Victor was not wonderfully shock with the result of the monster.† I had looked on him while incomplete; he was appalling at that point; yet when those muscles and joints were rendered equipped for movement, it turned into a thing, for example, even Dante couldn't have conceived.† (Shelly 45). After acknowledges what he had made wasn’t what he sought after, Victor chooses to desert the beast due to its colossal appearance. Another trademark Victor shows in the novel is interest. Interest makes Victor dedicate his life to science. He works restless evenings on various undertaking trusting something extraordinary will come out of it. Interest can truly make an individual crazy since it leaves you needing to know to an ever increasing extent. Now and again interest can be adverse in light of the fact that you may learn somethi We will compose a custom article test on Literary Analysis Frankenstein explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Literary Analysis Frankenstein explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Literary Analysis Frankenstein explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer

7 Tips for Caregivers to Relieve Stress

7 Tips for Caregivers to Relieve Stress Many caregivers have trouble taking care of their own needs as they provide so much care for the needs of others. Whether you feel guilty for taking time out for yourself, or if you just feel like you don’t have the time to take, consider this perspective: If you don’t take care of yourself, you won’t have anything left to give. How Being a Caregiver Can Be Very Stressful How Caregivers Can Lessen Stress and Overwhelm The following steps can help you to minimize some of the stress you’re feeling, so you can feel less overwhelmed by the caregiver role. Stay connected. It’s important to maintain relationships with other people, not just the person you’re caring for or your immediate family. Others, especially those who are in a similar position, can provide support and information, as well as valuable opportunities to step out of the caregiver role for a while. Aim to find a mix of social support from online support groups, friends with whom you may have lost touch as you’ve gotten busier, and new friends you may meet in the community. Even walking a dog around your neighborhood provides some of the health benefits of pets and can help you stay more connected to your neighbors and community.Accept help. If help is offered by friends, neighbors, and others, don’t be afraid to accept it. Many people don’t know what to do to help, but are sincere in their offers of, If theres anything I can do. Just think of what would really help you and tell themâ€"it may make them feel much better being able to lighten your load, so don’ t feel guilty about it. If you’re not getting many offers of support, you may want to ask family members if they might be able to offer some. Also, there may be resources offered in your community, so some research in that area may yield some useful results. Sometimes even a little help can go a long way.Find time alone. It may be difficult for you to find time alone, especially if you’re the sole provider of care, but don’t forget that you need to give to yourself in order to have the ability to give to others. However, taking an hour or two for journaling in a coffee shop, seeing a movie by yourself, getting exercise with a long walk, or going to a nearby park and immersing yourself in a good book are all excellent, restorative options that can help you to stave off burnout.Maintain a hobby. It’s also important to keep up some interests outside of your role as a caregiver. Maintaining a hobby is a way to keep yourself feeling fresh and vital, and possibly to stay connected with others in another role. Here is a list of stress-relieving hobbies to consider, some of which can be maintained at home with your loved one, along with some that will take you outside and connect you with others.Stay informed. While sometimes looking conditions up on the internet yield questionable or even unsettling results, it’s still often a good idea to research as much as you can about your loved one’s condition, so that you’ll know what to expect. To be sure that you’re getting accurate information, talk to your doctor about good resources for information and support.Stay spiritually grounded. Studies show that religion and spirituality can help immensely with stress relief, health, and life satisfaction, so if you have are religious or have spiritual leanings, now is a good time to rely on them, and gain strength from your faith as well as your spiritual community.Take care of yourself. The main idea here is to take good care of yourselfâ€"physically, mentally, and emotionallyâ€"so that you’ll be able to handle the challenges of caregiving, and continue to provide care for others. Self-care  encompasses many  ideas, including getting enough sleep, eating a quality diet, and other strategies to keep yourself feeling well. Also, if you experience persistent feelings of fatigue, resentment, or burnout, don’t be afraid to talk to a professional and get some extra support.

How Religion Affects Society - Free Essay Example

Why Religion Matters: The Impact of Religious Practice on Social Stability Published on January 25, 1996 by Patrick Fagan, Ph. D. Backgrounder #1064 †¢ Print PDF †¢ Download PDF Share †¢ Facebook †¢ Twitter †¢ Email †¢ More Introduction2 By extolling freedom of religion in the schools, President Bill Clinton has raised the level of debate on the importance of religion to American life. 3 The time is ripe for a deeper dialogue on the contribution of religion to the welfare of the nation. America has always been a religious country. Its first Christian inhabitants were only too anxious to explain what they were doing and why, explains historian Paul Johnson. In a way the first American settlers were like the ancient Israelites. They saw themselves as active agents of divine providence. 4 Today, he adds, it is generally accepted that more than half the American people still attend a place of worship over a weekend, an index of religious practice unequaled a nywhere in the world, certainly in a great and populous nation. 5 At the heart of religious practice is prayer: Americans pray even more than they go to church. According to a composite of surveys, 94 percent of blacks, 91 percent of women, 87 percent of whites, and 85 percent of men regard themselves as people who pray regularly. Some 78 percent pray at least once per week, and 57 percent pray daily. Even among the 13 percent of the population who call themselves agnostics or atheists, some 20 percent pray daily. When policymakers consider Americas grave social problems, including violent crime and rising illegitimacy, substance abuse, and welfare dependency, they should heed the findings in the professional literature of the social sciences on the positive consequences that flow from the practice of religion. 7 For example, there is ample evidence that: †¢ The strength of the family unit is intertwined with the practice of religion. Churchgoers8 are more likely to be married, less likely to be divorced or single, and more likely to manifest high levels of satisfaction in marriage. Church attendance is the most important predictor of marital stability and happiness. †¢ The regular practice of religion helps poor persons move out of poverty. Regular church attendance, for example, is particularly instrumental in helping young people to escape the poverty of inner-city life. †¢ Religious belief and practice contribute substantially to the formation of personal moral criteria and sound moral judgment. †¢ Regular religious practice generally inoculates individuals against a host of social problems, including suicide, drug abuse, out-of-wedlock births, crime, and divorce. The regular practice of religion also encourages such beneficial effects on mental health as less depression (a modern epidemic), more self-esteem, and greater family and marital happiness. †¢ In repairing damage caused by alcoholism, drug addiction, and marital breakdown , religious belief and practice are a major source of strength and recovery. †¢ Regular practice of religion is good for personal physical health: It increases longevity, improves ones chances of recovery from illness, and lessens the incidence of many killer diseases. The overall impact of religious practice is illustrated dramatically in the three most comprehensive systematic reviews of the field. 9 Some 81 percent of the studies showed the positive benefit of religious practice, 15 percent showed neutral effects, and only 4 percent showed harm. 10 Each of these systematic reviews indicated more than 80 percent benefit, and none indicated more than 10 percent harm. Even this 10 percent may be explained by more recent social science insights into healthy religious practice and unhealthy religious practice. 11 This latter notion will be discussed later it is seen generally by most Americans of religious faith as a mispractice of religion. Unfortunately, the effects of unhe althy religious practice are used to downplay the generally positive influence of religion. 12 This both distorts the true nature of religious belief and practice and causes many policymakers to ignore its positive social consequences. Religious practice appears to have enormous potential for addressing todays social problems. As summarized in 1991 by Allen Bergin, professor of psychology at Brigham Young University, considerable evidence indicates that religious involvement reduces such problems as sexual permissiveness, teen pregnancy, suicide, drug abuse, alcoholism, and to some extent deviant and delinquent acts, and increases self esteem, family cohesiveness and general well being. Some religious influences have a modest impact whereas another portion seem like the mental equivalent of nuclear energy. More generally, social scientists are discovering the continuing power of religion to protect the family from the forces that would tear it down. 13 Professor Bergins summar y was echoed two years later by nationally syndicated columnist William Raspberry: Almost every commentator on the current scene bemoans the increase of violence, lowered ethical standards and loss of civility that mark American society. Is the decline of religious influence part of what is happening to us? Is it not just possible that anti-religious bias masquerading as religious neutrality is costing more than we have been willing to acknowledge? 14 Other reviews15 also list the positive effects of religious belief and practice in reducing such problems as suicide, substance abuse, divorce, and marital dissatisfaction. Such evidence indicates clearly that religious practice contributes significantly to the quality of American life. Given this evidence, Congress should: †¢ Begin a new national debate to help renew the role of religion in American life; †¢ Ask the General Accounting Office (GAO) to review the evidence on the beneficial effects of religious practice i n the relevant social science literature and report its findings to a national commission formed to promote the consideration of religious practice among U. S. itizens; †¢ Fund federal experiments with school choice that include religiously affiliated schools; †¢ Pass a sense-of-the-Congress resolution that data on religious practice are useful for policymakers and researchers as part of the public policy debate; and †¢ Mandate a census question on religious practice. It violates nobodys freedom of religion for Congress to know the level and intensity of religious practice in America. The President should: †¢ Appoint judges who are more sensitive to the role of religion in public ife, with the Senate ensuring that such is the case by ascertaining the stand of judges on matters of religion and its relationship to the Constitution; †¢ Direct the Bureau of the Census to record levels of religious practice in the census for the year 2000 (time is running out for preparation of the census questionnaire); and †¢ Issue a directive to all federal agencies making clear that cooperation between government entities and the social, medical, and educational services of faith-based organizations does not violate separation of church and state. The U. S. Supreme Court should: †¢ Review the decisions in which it has changed the laws of the land by changing commonly held beliefs regarding the Constitution and religion and send to Congress those that should have been the object of legislative action rather than judicial reinterpretation. Americas religious leaders should: Be much more assertive in emphasizing the contribution of religion to the health of the nation and in resisting efforts to minimize religion in public discourse; †¢ Make clear to their congregations that they are contributing not only to their own welfare, but also to the well-being of the nation by their regular attendance at religious worship; †¢ Take special c are of the religious formation of children, especially during the transition period from childhood to adolescence, when they are most likely to lose their religious faith; †¢ Recognize that the church in the inner city, especially the black church, has a vital role to play in helping its people escape from the degrading culture of inner-city poverty; and †¢ Encourage education leaders, social scientists, and social policy practitioners to rely more on religious belief and worship to achieve social policy and social work goals. religion and Happiness Ever since Aristotle outlined the goal of a sound civil order in his Politics,16 social and political scientists and social psychologists have been particularly interested in what makes human beings happy. Happy people tend to be productive and law-abiding. They learn well, make good citizens, and are invariably pleasant company. It turns out that the practice of religion has a significant effect on happiness and an overall sense of personal well-being. Religious affiliation and regular church attendance are near the top of the list for most people in explaining their own happiness17 and serve as good predictors of who is most likely to have this sense of well-being. 18 Happiness is greater and psychological stress is lower for those who attend religious services regularly. 19 Those pursuing a personal relationship with God tend to have improved relationships with themselves and with others. 0 A large epidemiological study conducted by the University of California at Berkeley in 1971 found that the religiously committed had much less psychological distress than the uncommitted. 21 Rodney Stark, now of the University of Washington, found the same in a 1970 study: The higher the level of religious attendance, the less stress suffered when adversity had to be endured. 22 Similarly, in a longitudinal study of 720 adults conducted by David Williams of the University of Michigan, regular religious attendance led to much less psychological distress. 23 In 1991, David Larson, adjunct professor at the Northwestern and Duke University Schools of Medicine and president of the National Institute of Healthcare Research, completed a systematic review of studies on religious commitment and personal well-being. He found that the relationship is powerful and positive; overall, psychological functioning improved following a resumption of participation in religious worship for those who had stopped. 24 religion and family Stability There is a growing consensus that America needs to pursue policies aimed at re-strengthening the family. The beneficial effects of religious worship on family stability clearly indicate one way to help accomplish this. Professors Darwin L. Thomas and Gwendolyn C. Henry of Brigham Young Universitys Department of Sociology sum up earlier research25 on the quest by young people for meaning and love: Research on love clearly indicates that for many, love in the social rea lm cannot clearly be separated from love that contains a vertical or a divine element. Young people see love as the central aspect of the meaning of life; they believe that religion is still important in helping form judgments and attitudes. 26 Their conclusion: family and religious institutions need to be studied simultaneously in our efforts to understand the human condition better. 27 Middletown, one of the centurys classic sociological research projects, studied the lives of inhabitants of a typical American town, first in the 1920s and for the third time in the 1980s. Based on the latest round of follow-up research, Howard Bahr and Bruce Chadwick, professors of sociology at Brigham Young University, concluded in 1985 that There is a relationship between family solidarity family health if you will and church affiliation and activity. Middletown [churchgoing] members were more likely to be married, remain married and to be highly satisfied with their marriages and to have more children. The great divide between marriage status, marriage satisfaction and family size is between those who identify with a church or denomination and those who do not. 28 Four years later, Professor Arland Thornton of the Institute for Social Research at the University of Michigan likewise concluded from a Detroit study of the same relationship that These data indicate strong intergenerational transmission of religious involvement. Attendance at religious services is also very stable within generations across time. 29 With striking consistency, the most religious among us [as Americans] place a greater importance on the full range of family and friendship activities, concluded a Connecticut Mutual Life report in 1982. 30 A group of Kansas State University professors reached the same conclusion: family commitment is indeed a high priority in many American families and it is frequently accompanied by a concomitant factor of religious commitment. 31 In yet another study condu cted during the 1970s and 1980s, professors Nick Stinnet of the University of Alabama and John DeFrain of the University of Nebraska sought to identify family strengths. From their nationwide surveys of strong families, they found that 84 percent identified religion as an important contributor to the strength of their families. 2 It should be noted that the same pattern appears to hold for African-American families: Parents who attended church frequently cited the significance of religion in rearing their children and in providing moral guidelines. 33 Marital Satisfaction Couples with long-lasting marriages indicate that the practice of religion is an important factor in marital happiness. Indeed, David Larsons systematic reviews indicate that church attendance is the most important predictor of marital stability. 34 Others have found the same result. 35 Twenty years ago it was first noted that very religious women achieve greater satisfaction in sexual intercourse with their husban ds than do moderately religious or non-religious women. 6 The Sex in America study published in 1995, and conducted by sociologists from the University of Chicago and the State University of New York at Stonybrook, also showed very high sexual satisfaction among conservative religious women. 37 From the standpoint of contemporary American media culture, this may appear strange or counter-intuitive, but the empirical evidence is consistent. Divorce and Cohabitation Regular church attendance is the critical factor in marital stability across denominations and overrides effects of doctrinal teaching on divorce. For instance, black Protestants and white Catholics, who share similarly high church attendance rates, have been shown to have similarly low divorce rates. 8 Furthermore, when marital separation occurs, reconciliation rates are higher among regular church attendees, and highest when both spouses have the same high level of church attendance. 39 Findings on the other end of the m arital spectrum reinforce the point: A 1993 national survey of 3,300 men aged 20-39 found that those who switch partners most are those with no religious convictions. 40 Significantly, cohabitation before marriage poses a high risk to later marital stability,41 and premarital cohabitation is much less common among religious Americans. The cohabitation rate is seven times higher among persons who seldom or never attend religious services compared to persons who frequently attend, writes David Larson of the National Institute of Healthcare Research. Women who attended religious services once a week were only one-third as likely to cohabit as those who attended church services less than once a month. Furthermore, If the mother frequently attended religious services, both sons and daughters were only 50 percent as likely to cohabit as adult children whose mothers were not actively religious. 42 Rockford Institute President Allan Carlson summarizes the pattern: Social scientists are dis covering the continuing power of religion to protect the family from the forces that would tear it down. 43 The fact is that too many social scientists have failed to appreciate the significance of research on the relationship between family and religion. As another researcher of the same period concludes, We may have underestimated this silent majority and it is only fair to give them equal time. 44 The centrality of stable married family life in avoiding such problems as crime,45 illegitimacy,46 and welfare47 has become indisputable. If such a stable family life is linked closely to a lively religious life, as these studies indicate, then the peace and happiness of the nation depend significantly on a renewal of religious practice and belief. religion and Physical Health In public health circles, the level of educational attainment is held to be the key demographic predictor of physical health. For over two decades, however, the level of religious practice has been shown con vincingly to be equally important. As early as 1972, researchers from the Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health found that cardiovascular diseases, the leading killers of older people, were reduced significantly in early old age by a lifetime of regular church attendance. By contrast, non-attendees had higher mortality rates for such other diseases as cirrhosis of the liver, emphysema, and arteriosclerosis, in addition to other cardiovascular diseases and even suicide. 48 Research on mortality patterns among the poor confirmed a decade later that those who went to church regularly lived longer. 49 Since then, other studies have reinforced this general finding. 0 Blood pressure, a key factor in cardiovascular health, is reduced significantly by regular church attendance, on average by 5mm of pressure. 51 Given that reducing blood pressure by 2 to 4 mm also reduces the mortality rate by 10 to 20 percent for any given population,52 a reduction of 5 mm is a very significant p ublic health achievement by any standard. For those over 55 years of age, the average decrease was 6 mm. Among those who smoked a practice that increases blood pressure regular church attendance decreased the risk of early stroke by 700 percent. 53 Nor are the health benefits of religious commitment confined to the cardiovascular system. In 1987, a major review of 250 epidemiological health research studies studies which examined the relationship between health and religion and measured such additional outcomes as colitis, cancers of many different types, and longevity measures concluded that, in general, religious commitment improves health. 54 A 1991 study of two national samples55 also concluded that the degree to which people prayed and participated in religious services significantly affected their health status, regardless of age. 56 In what must be one of the most unusual experiments in medical history, Dr. Robert B. Byrd, a cardiologist then at the University of Calif ornia at San Francisco Medical School, conducted a random-sample, double-blind study of the effects of prayer not by the patients but for the patients on the outcome of cardiac surgery. The study was published in 1982. None of the patients knew they were being prayed for, none of the attending doctors and nurses knew who was being prayed for and who was not, and those praying had no personal contact with the patients before or during the experiment. Outcomes for the two sets of patients differed significantly: Those prayed for ha d noticeably fewer post-operative congestive heart failures, fewer cardiopulmonary arrests, less pneumonia, and less need for antibiotics. 57 To date, this study has not been replicated, though the intriguing results challenge the academic and medical community to verify or disprove them. religion and Social Breakdown The practice of religion has beneficial effects on behavior and social relations: on illegitimacy, crime and delinquency, welfare dep endency, alcohol and drug abuse, suicide, depression, and general self-esteem. Illegitimacy One of the most powerful of all factors in preventing out-of-wedlock births is the regular practice of religious belief. Given the growing crisis in out-of-wedlock births, their effects,58 and the huge social and economic costs to national and state budgets, this should be of major interest to policymakers. It has long been known that intensity of religious practice is closely related to adolescent virginity and sexual restraint and control. This general finding, replicated again and again,59 also holds true specifically for black teenage girls,60 the group with the highest teen pregnancy rates among all demographic subgroups. 61 Reviews of the literature demonstrate that, nearly without exception, religious practice sharply reduces the incidence of premarital intercourse. 62 The reverse is also true: The absence of religious practice accompanies sexual permissiveness and premarital sex. T his is confirmed in numerous studies,63 including a 1991 analysis of the federal governments National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. 64 The impact of religious practice on teenage sexual behavior also can be seen at the state level: States with higher levels of aggregate religiousness have lower rates of teenage pregnancy. 5 In an important study published in 1987, a group of professors from the Universities of Georgia, Utah, and Wyoming found that the main cause of problematic adolescent sexual behaviors and attitudes is not only family dynamics and processes, as previously thought, but the absence of religious behavior and affiliation. They further concluded that healthy family dynamics and practices are themselves caused to a powerful degree by the presence or absence of religious beliefs and practices. 66 The same results also hold true in international comparisons. 67 As with drugs, alcohol, and crime, the religious behavior of the mother is one of the strongest predictors of th e daughters sexual attitudes. 68 It also has long been known in the social sciences that daughters of single mothers are more likely to engage in premarital sexual behavior during adolescence. 9 These mothers are more frequently permissive in their sexual attitudes, and religion for them has less importance than it has for mothers in two-parent families. 70 These findings also have been replicated. 71 The religious practices of parents, particularly their unity on religious issues, powerfully influence the behavior of children. Thus, for policymakers interested in reducing teenage (and older) out-of-wedlock births, the lesson is clear: Religious belief and regular worship reduce the likelihood of this form of family breakdown. One faith-based sex education course that included both mothers and daughters, for example, was aimed specifically at reducing the teenage pregnancy rate. The results were notably successful: Out-of-wedlock births among the at-risk population were almost el iminated. 72 crime and Delinquency A review of the small amount of research done on the relationship between crime and religion shows that states w ith more religious populations tend to have fewer homicides and fewer suicides. 73 A four-year longitudinal, stratified, random-sample study of high school students in the Rocky Mountain region, published in 1975, demonstrated that religious involvement significantly decreased drug use, delinquency, and premarital sex, and also increased self-control. 74 A 1989 study of midwestern high school students replicated these findings. 5 Similarly, young religious adults in Canada were found in a 1979 study to be less likely to use or sell Narcotics, to gamble, or to destroy property. 76 What is true for youth is also true for adults. 77 Religious behavior, as opposed to mere attitude or affiliation, is associated with reduced crime. 78 This has been known in the social science literature for over 20 years. 79 In research conducted in the late 1 980s controlling for family, economic, and religious backgrounds a research team from the University of Nevada found that black men who eventually ended up in prison and those who did not came respectively from two different groups: those who did not go to church, or stopped going around ten years of age, and those who went regularly. 0 This failure of faith at the onset of adolescence parallels the pattern found among those who become alcoholics or drug addicts. Clearly, the familys inability to inspire regular religious worship among emerging young adults is a sign of internal weakness. welfare Dependency In his classic study The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Max Weber, the preeminent German sociologist of the first half of the 20th century, demonstrated the connection between religious practice and financial well-being among Protestants. Other work on the same theme shows that this is not confined to Protestants, but that it applies across a longer period of hi story and across denominational lines. This link between religion and prosperity has important implications for the poor. In 1985, for instance, Richard B. Freeman of the National Bureau of Economic Research reported that: [Church attendance] is associated with substantial differences in the behavior of [black male youths from poverty-stricken inner-city neighborhoods] and thus in their chances to escape from inner city poverty. It affects allocation of time, school-going, work activity and the frequency of socially deviant activity. It is important to recognize that our analysis has identified an important set of variables that separate successful from unsuccessful young persons in the inner city. There is a significant number of inner city youth, readily identifiable, who succeed in escaping that pathology of inner-city slum life. 81 For the sake of the nations future health, it is time to redirect public policy so that these two vast resources, instead of being weakened fur ther, can be rejuvenated and encouraged. Many of the goals of social policy and social work can be attained, indirectly and powerfully, through the practice of religion. None of this invalidates education or social work, which operate at a different level of the human condition. However, as demands for social work outstrip (and give every indication of far outstripping) social work resources, it is good to know that the practice of religion is a powerful ally. The practice of religion is good for individuals, families, states, and the nation. It improves health, learning, economic well-being, self-control, self-esteem, and empathy. It reduces the incidence of social pathologies, such as out-of-wedlock births, crime, delinquency, drug and alcohol addiction, health problems, anxieties, and prejudices. The Founding Fathers, in their passionate love of freedom, promoted the freedom of all Americans to practice their religious beliefs, but Congress and the courts have crowded religion out of the public square. It is time to bring it back. Religious practice can and should be factored into the planning and debate on the nations urgent social problems. Americans cannot build their future without drawing on the strengths that come to them from the practice of their religious beliefs. The widespread practice of religious beliefs can only benefit the nation, and the task of reintegrating religious practice into American life while protecting and respecting the rights of non-practice rights that, despite persistent demagoguery on the subject, remain totally unthreatened is one of the nations most important tasks. Academics of good will can do much in this area, and history will look kindly on those who help America achieve this wonderful balance. Since the beginning of time, dietary practices have been incorporated into the religious practices of people around the world. Some religious sects abstain, or are forbidden, from consuming certain foods and drinks; o thers restrict foods and drinks during their holy days; while still others associate dietary and food preparation practices with rituals of the faith. The early biblical writings, especially those found in Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy of the Old Testament (and in the Torah) outlined the dietary practices for certain groups (e. g. , Christians and Jews), and many of these practices may still be found among these same groups today. Practices such as fasting (going without food and/or drink for a specified time) are described as tenets of faith by numerous religions. Religious Belief Expressed as Food Customs To understand the reasons for nutritional and dietary customs in any religion requires a brief orientation of the rationale for such practices and laws. Many religious customs and laws may also be traced to early concerns for health and safety in consuming foods or liquids. In the past, preservation techniques for food were limited. Modern conveniences such as electricit y were unavailable, and the scholars of the day did not understand theories of health promotion, disease prevention, and illness as they do today. Therefore, religious leaders of the day developed rules about the consumption of foods and drinks, and religious practices, restrictions, and laws evolved. Specific laws about what can be consumed remain in most religions today. The lack of mechanisms to refrigerate or preserve foods led to certain rituals, such as the draining of blood from slaughtered animals, while restrictions on the eating of foods known to spoil easily, such as eggs, dairy products, and meats, were devised for safety reasons. Attention to specific eating practices, such as overeating (gluttonous behaviors), use of strong drink or oral stimulants, and vegetarian diets, were also incorporated into the doctrine of religious practice. In addition to laws about the ingestion of foods or drinks, the practice of fasting, or severely restricting intake of food and/or dri nk, became prevalent, and is still practiced by many religions today. The Role of Fasting Many religions incorporate some element of fasting into their religious practices. Laws regarding fasting or restricting food and drink have been described as a call to holiness by many religions. Fasting has been identified as the mechanism that allows one to improve ones body (often described as a temple created by God), to earn the approval of Allah or Buddha, or to understand and appreciate the sufferings of the poor. Fasting has also been presented as a means to acquire the discipline required to resist temptation, as an act of atonement for sinful acts, or as the cleansing of evil from within the body. Fasting may be undertaken for several hours, at a specified time of the day (e. g. , from sunrise to sunset, as practiced by modern Jews), for a specified number of hours (e. g. , twelve, twenty-four, or more, as observed by Catholics or Mormons who fast on designated days), or for conse cutive days, such as during the month of Ramadan for certain Muslims. Regardless of the time frame or rationale, religious groups observe the practice of fasting worldwide. Health Benefits and Risks Associated with Specific Practices Certain groups of people must necessarily be excused from fasting and restrictive practices. These groups include pregnant or nursing women; individuals with diabetes or other chronic disorders; those engaged in very strenuous work; malnourished individuals; young children; and frail elderly or disabled persons. Recognition of these exceptions has been addressed by each religious group. Most fasting practices allow certain intakes of liquid, particularly water. In fasting regimes where water is restricted, a danger of dehydration exists, and those fasting should be monitored. Those who fast without liquids increase their risk of a number of health problems. Symptoms of dehydration include headache, dry mouth, nausea , fever, sleepiness, and, in ex treme cases, coma. When these symptoms occur, it is important to end the fast or add water to the fast. Depending on the extent of the symptoms, ending the fast may be the only alternative. In severe dehydration cases, medical care should be sought as soon as possible to restore proper health. Some negative health consequences have been observed as a result of fasting practices, however, especially those carried out over longer periods, such as the Muslim fast during Ramadan. For example, excess acids can build up in the digestive system during a prolonged fast. This gastric acidity results in a sour taste in the mouth, a burning in the stomach, and other symptoms of illness. The structure and outward appearance of each persons body is, in part, a reflection of the food and drink he or she consumes. All the organs of the body, as well as the skin, bones, muscles, and nerves, need nutrition to survive, regenerate, maintain function, and develop structural foundations. The vital or gans, such as the liver, heart, brain, and kidneys, depend upon essential nutrients from food and drink to sustain life, increase strength, and improve health. Throughout life, the body constantly breaks down the food products that are ingested, using some components to rebuild the tissues that contribute to good health. Similarly, the body also disposes of the waste products of food through excretory processes or in storage centers ( fat deposits, for instance) in the body. The restriction of, or abstention from, certain foods may have a direct impact on the health of those engaged in such practices. Some effects have been found to be positive, as in the case of vegetarian diets, which are eaten by many Seventh-day Adventists, Hindus, Buddhists, and Rastafarians. Research results have documented a 50 percent reduction in heart disease and longer life expectancy in people who eat a well-planned vegetarian diet . There are a number of religious rationales for a vegetarian diet. According to the Book of Genesis in the Bible, humans were given a plant-based diet [pic] An archbishop leads communion at a Catholic mass. The importance of the ceremony, which calls for ritual consumption of bread and wine, shows how food traditions and religion have evolved together. [Photograph by Stephen Senne. AP/Wide World Photos. Reproduced by permission. ] at the creation of the world. There are also ethical issues that involve the killing of animals for food, and environmental issues regarding the raising of livestock and the safety of the food supply. Use of, and Abstention from, Stimulants A stimulant is a product, food, or drink that excites the nervous system and changes the natural physiology of the body, such as drugs and consumable products that contain caffeine, such as tea, coffee, or chocolate. The use of caffeine is prohibited or restricted by many religions because of its addictive properties and harmful physical effects. Many also restrict spices and certa in condiments, such as pepper, pickles, or foods with preservatives, because they are injurious by nature and flavor the natural taste and effect of foods. The use of wine in religious ceremonies is regarded as acceptable by certain groups. For example, Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox Christians, and certain Protestant denominations use wine as a sacramental product to represent the blood of Christ in communion services. According to the writings of the apostle Paul, wine used in moderation may be consumed for the soothing effect it has upon an upset stomach. Mormons, however, specifically forbid wine or any alcoholic drinks because of their stimulant properties. Jews regard grapes as a fruit of idolatry, and therefore forbid the use of wine or products made from grapes except under special conditions. Many religious leaders and health care experts regard tobacco, another stimulant, as a malignant poison that affects the health of its users. Research continues to support the ha rmful and deleterious effects of the use of cigarettes and tobacco products. Cancer , high blood pressure , and heart disease have all been linked to tobacco use. Although marijuana has been shown to control pain in advanced diseases such as cancer, it has been considered a restricted drug by all but those practicing Rastafarianism. Rastafarians introduced marijuana into their religious rites because they consider it the weed of wisdom, and because they believe it contains healing ingredients. Major Religions with Food Proscriptions Although no two religions hold exactly the same ideology about diet, health, and spiritual wellness , many do embrace similar practices. Buddhism. Many Buddhists are vegetarians, though some include fish in their diet. Most do not eat meat and abstain from all beef products. The birth, enlightenment, and death of Buddha are the three most commonly recognized festivals for feasting, resting from work, or fasting. Buddhist monks fast completely on ce rtain days of the moon, and they routinely avoid eating any solid foods after the noon hour. Eastern Orthodox Christianity. An essential element of practicing an Orthodox life includes fasting, since its intrinsic value is part of the development of a spiritual life. To practicing Orthodox believers, fasting teaches self-restraint, which is the source of all good. Hinduism. Hindus do not consume any foods that might slow down spiritual or physical growth. The eating of meat is not prohibited, but pork, fowl, ducks, snails, crabs, and camels are avoided. The cow is sacred to Hindus, [pic] Many Hindus are strict vegetarians. Those who do eat meat are forbidden from eating beef, because cows occupy a sacred place in the Hindu religion. [Photograph by Craig Lovell. Corbis. Reproduced by permission. ] and therefore no beef is consumed. Other products from the cow, however, such as milk, yogurt, and butter are considered innately pure and are thought to promote purity of the mind, spir it, and body. Many devout Hindus fast on the eighteen major Hindu holidays, as well as on numerous personal days, such as birthdays and anniversaries of deaths and marriages. They also fast on Sundays and on days associated with various positions of the moon and the planets. Islam. To the Muslims, eating is a matter of faith for those who follow the dietary laws called Halal, a term for all permitted foods. Those foods that are prohibited, such as pork and birds of prey, are known as Haram, while the foods that are questionable for consumption are known as Mashbooh. Muslims eat to preserve their good health, and overindulgence or the use of stimulants such as tea, coffee, or alcohol are discouraged. Fasting is practiced regularly on Mondays and Thursdays, and more often for six days during Shawwal (the tenth month of the Islamic year) and for the entire month of Ramadan (the ninth month). Fasting on these occasions includes abstention from all food and drink from sunrise to sunse t. Ramadan In the Muslim faith, the holy month of Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic year and is devoted to prayer, fasting, and charity. Muslims believe that it was during this month that God first began to reveal the holy book of Islam, the Quran, to the prophet Muhammad. Most Muslims are required to refrain from food and drink during daylight hours for the entire month. The fast is broken in the evening by a meal called the iftar, which traditionally includes dates and water or sweet drinks, and is resumed again at sunrise. Fasting during Ramadan is one of the five Pillars of Faith, which are the most important religious duties in Islam. The practice is meant to remind Muslims of the poor, to cleanse the body, and to foster serenity and spiritual devotion. Ramadan ends with Eid al-Fitr, the Festival of Breaking the Fast. —Paula Kepos Judaism. The Jewish dietary law is called Kashrut, meaning proper or correct. The term kosher refers to the methods of process ing foods according to the Jewish laws. The processing laws and other restrictions regarding to the preparation of food and drink were devised for their effects on health. For example, rules about the use of pans, plates, utensils, and separation of meat from dairy products are intended to reduce contamination. Other rules include: 1. A Jewish person must prepare grape products, otherwise they are forbidden. 2. Jewish laws dictate the slaughter and removal of blood from meat before it can be eaten. 3. Animals such as pigs and rabbits and creatures of the sea, such as lobster, shrimp, and clams, may not be eaten. 4. Meat and dairy products cannot be eaten at the same meal or served on the same plate, and kosher and nonkosher foods cannot come into contact with the same plates. Mormonism. The law of health—the Word of Wisdom—contains the laws for proper eating and the rules of abstinence for tobacco, alcohol, coffee, tea, chocolate, and illegal drugs. Mormons must cho ose foods that build up the body, improve endurance, and enhance intellect. Products from the land, such as grains, fruits, vegetables, and nuts, are to take the place of meats; meats, sugar, cheeses, and spices are to be avoided. Reason and self-control in eating is expected in order to stay healthy. Rastafarianism. Members of this group are permitted to eat any food that is I-tal food, meaning that it is cooked only slightly. Therefore, meats are not consumed, canned goods are avoided, and drinks that are unnatural are not allowed. Fish under twelve inches long may be eaten, but other types of seafood are restricted. Roman Catholicism. The dietary practices of devout Catholics center around the restriction of meat or fasting behaviors on specified holy days. [pic] WORLD RELIGIONS, FOODS PRACTICES AND RESTRICTIONS, AND RATIONALE FOR BEHAVIOR |Type of religion |Practice or restriction |Rationale | |Buddhism |†¢ Refrain from meat, vegetarian diet is desirable †¢ |â₠¬ ¢ Natural foods of the earth are | | |Moderation in all foods †¢ Fasting required of monks |considered most pure †¢ Monks avoid all | | | |solid food after noon | |Eastern Orthodox |†¢ Restrictions on Meat and Fish †¢ Fasting Selectively |†¢ Observance of Holy Days includes | |Christianity | |fasting and restrictions to increase | | | |spiritual progress | |Hinduism |†¢ Beef prohibited †¢ All other meat and fish restricted or |†¢ Cow is sacred and cant be eaten, but | | |avoided †¢ Alcohol avoided †¢ Numerous fasting days |products of the sacred cow are pure | | | and desirable †¢ Fasting promotes | | | |spiritual growth | |Islam |†¢ Pork and certain birds prohibited †¢ Alcohol prohibited †¢ |†¢ Eating is for good health †¢ Failure to| | |Coffee/tea/stimulants avoided †¢ Fasting from all food and |eat correctly minimizes spiritual | | |drink during specific periods |awareness †¢ Fasting has a cleansing | | | |effect of evil elements | |Judaism |†¢ Pork and shellfish prohibited †¢ Meat and dairy at same meal|†¢ Land animals that do not have cloven | | |prohibited †¢ Leavened food restricted †¢ Fasting practiced |hooves and that do not chew their cud | | | |are forbidden as unclean (e. g. hare, | | | |pig, camel) †¢ Kosher process is based | | | |upon the Torah | |Mormonism |†¢ Alcohol and beverages containing caffeine prohibited †¢ |†¢ Caffeine is addictive and leads to | | |Moderation in all foods †¢ Fasting practiced |poor physical and emotional health †¢ | | | |Fasting is the discipline of | | | |self-control and honoring to God | |Protestants |†¢ Few restrictions of food or fasting observations †¢ |†¢ God made all animal and natural | | |Moderation in eating, drinking, and exercise is promoted |products for humans enjoyment †¢ | | | |Gluttony and drunkenness are sins to be | | | |controlled | |Rastafarianism |†¢ Meat and fish restricted †¢ Vegetarian diets only, with |†¢ Pigs and shellfish are scavengers and | | |salts, reservatives, and condiments prohibited †¢ Herbal |are unclean †¢ Foods grown with chemicals| | |drinks permitted; alcohol, coffee, and soft drinks prohibited|are unnatural and prohibited †¢ Biblical | | |†¢ Marijuana used extensively for religious and medicinal |texts support use of herbs (marijuana | | |purposes |and other herbs) | |Roman Catholicism |†¢ Meat restricted on certain days †¢ Fasting practiced |†¢ Restrictions are consistent with | | | |specified days of the church year | |Seventh-day Adventist |†¢ Pork prohibited and meat and fish avoided †¢ Vegetarian diet|†¢ Diet satisfies practice to honor and | | |is encouraged †¢ Alcohol, coffee, and tea prohibited |glorify God | On the designated days, Catholics may abstain from all food, or they may restrict meat and meat products . Water or nonstimulant liquids are usually allowed during the fast. Seventh-day Adventists. The Seventh-day Adventist Church advocates a lacto-ovo vegetarian diet, including moderate amounts of low-fat dairy products and the avoidance of meat, fish, fowl, coffee, tea, alcohol, and toboacco products (though these are not strictly prohibited). The churchs beliefs are grounded in the Bible, and in a belief in the wholistic nature of people (Seventh-day Adventist General Conference Nutrition Council). While the dietary practices of different religions vary, and the rationale for each practice is based upon different texts, there is also much commonality. The practice of fasting is almost universal across religious groups, and most regard it as a mechanism to discipline the followers in a humbling way for spiritual growth. Many fasting practices are connected with specific holy days. The variation in consumption of meat and vegetables has a much wider variation. SEE ALSO E ATING H AB ITS ; F ASTING . Ruth A. Waibel Bibliography Brown, Linda Keller, and Mussell, Kay, eds. Ethnic and Regional Foodways in the United States: The Performance of Group Identity. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. Desai, Anita (2000). Fasting, Feasting. New York: Houghton Mifflin. Fishbane, Michael (1992). The Garments of Torah: Essays in Biblical Hermaneutics. Bloomington, MN: Indiana University Press. Gordon, Lewis, ed. (1997). Existence in Black: An Anthology of Black Existential Philosophy. New York: Routledge. Landman-Bouges, J. (1997). Rastafarian Food Habits. Cajanus 9(4):228–234. Siregar, Susan Rogers (1981). Adat, Islam, and Christianity in a Batak Homeland. Athens, OH: Center for International Studies at Ohio University. Internet Resources Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day Saints. The Word of Wisdom. Available from Judaism 101. Available from Orthodox Christian Information Center. Living an Orthodox Life. Available from The Rastafarian Religion. Ava ilable from Rastafarianism. Available from Seventh-day Adventist General Conference Nutrition Council. GCNC Position Statements. Available from Read more: Religion and Dietary Practices effects, food, nutrition, body, diet, health, fat, nutrients, eating, acids, water, habits, Religious Belief Expressed as Food Customs https://www. faqs. org/nutrition/Pre-Sma/Religion-and-Dietary-Practices. html#ixzz106Fo7t8k Religion and politics – does religion affect politics or vice versa? Which one affects more on people’s lives and why? Can there be a balance or harmony between religion and  politics? Due to the wide radius between different religions and political systems it’s important to state that different set of people may interpret the correlation between religion and politics differently. The discussion can be approached from many angles and I’d like to begin with sorting out my overall view on the question. In a world where different establishments and different ideologies flourish and fade it’s important to grasp the concept from the outside; mere dynamics such as morals, ethics, beliefs change over time and are all a part of a nihilistic value chain that has been created for the same purpose: To gather humans together on common grounds. This all may sound harmless, if it was done on mutual grounds, but there’s the followers and creators (Nietzsche, 1885). There’s people who destroy old value frames and create new, the creator of religion, capitalism, nationalism were all, in direct quote by Nietzsche; â€Å"Ubermenschen† – roughly meaning â€Å"overhuman†. The rest were referred to as humans, and Nietzsche said that â€Å"the human must be conquered†, by those words he meant that old ideas and old value frames must be conquered or â€Å"crushed† in order to flourish new ones. Nietzsche’s terms of expression may seem radical to some but none the less true, we l ive in an immanent society under the same value frame that works as a never ending cycle. Inside of this cycle exists different â€Å"-ism’s†, religion, politics etc. We humans create new ideas and new â€Å"-ism’s† under these branches and call it â€Å"progress† with a hint of actual transcendence in our environment. When truth is that these changes are going in the same cycle and the cycle isn’t moving forward – just round and round. To really understand our social environment one must first enable oneself to step outside of the immanent and nihilistic cycle that we call society. From there analyzing its interior becomes clearer, the problem is reaching there, one must first denounce everything inside from being absolute truths, which only a few percent of the earth’s population would. The correlation between religion and politics sparks differently in different establishments. The integration of religion into politics does not work very well in the bigger secular societies such as Sweden; if the Swedish prime minister were to announce himself as Christian he’d lose more votes than he’d win. But not all secular societies are alike. In, for example, USA, a president has to announce himself as Christian to even stand a chance running for office. That gives religion a big affect on politics in America, where countless presidents have praised God in their speeches. If the Swedish prime minister were to praise God in a speech he’d get laughed at, which shows the big psychological diversity even between secular states. Even though USA may have a lot of religious influence in their politics it does not have any overall affect on their policy, each state has their own right to determine most of their laws. In California gay marriage has been approved even though they have a republican senator, republicans are often associated to conservatism while democrats lean more to liberalism . This shows that the country is secular even though it’s overall religious which could be seen as a paradox. The easiest way to explain it is that religion has been used a tool of manipulation rather than guidance in governing, and the secular society has been accepted due to cultural aspects rather than religious. Liberal ideals are all part of the â€Å"American dream†. In Saudi Arabia which has an Islamic governing under Sharia laws, religion has a great impact on politics; conservative religious values are the foundation of internal politics. The country is ruled by diplomacy and freedom of speech is a myth, some may contend that this has nothing to do with religion itself but through history different religious establishments have had the same democratic problem. History leaves room for skeptics; religious establishments have never worked well in modern history. It’s all relative; depending on different social environments religion has had and has a dif ferent amount of impact on politics. From my point of view religion is a tool of manly made manipulation under Capitalism and is used as such for political gains when possible. So how has religion been a part of politics from a historical point of view? I, personally, see it fade and become more sublime in western countries whilst extremist regimes correlate it with their political agenda openly. Could there be a â€Å"good† balance between the two, has there ever been? I doubt it. Religion in its sole entity has a bigger impact on people than politics if believed in, due to it being viewed as the utmost truth. Thus the question of which one that has the most impact is an easily answered one, but I think the original idea with religion was to use it for political agenda, thus the correlation of the two is more dynamic for affecting people in their lives than one of them alone. In the question of balance and harmony I believe that there can and is a balance between religion and politics in the sense that they correlate for their

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The Social Exchange Theory in Interpersonal Relationships

Interpersonal communication is a form of communication that takes place between two people who have an established relationship. There are many different levels of interpersonal communication and theories of interpersonal communication. One of the theories that is used to explain changes in social behavior is the social exchange theory. The social exchange theory proposes that social behavior is the result of an exchange process between two people. The basic concept of the exchange theory is that it emphasizes the cost between the interactions of people and their social environment. Exchange theory attempts to explain human behavior under the content of a balanced-equal ratio within the distribution of giving and receiving. At the heart†¦show more content†¦These types of exchanges are rather strong in real life and tend to create enduring links. Many of these social exchanges are readily recognized and described by those taking part in them through speech. For instance, the reference to such words as indebted, owe, among others, points to the exchanges that take place in real life. The social exchange theory controls our behavior as well as the reinforcement for our actions because before we act in most circumstances, we will weigh the rewards and costs of the behaviors. The behavior that we use is the one believed to produce the highest reward and the lowest cost. What we may perceive to be acceptable or unacceptable in the relationship is our comparison level that we weigh the rewards and costs against. The comparison level of alternatives is when we weigh the rewards and costs relative to the perceived alternatives. People also have a comparison level for the alternative relationships. With a high comparison level, we may believe the world is full of lovely people just waiting to meet us. When this level is low, we may stay in a high-cost relationship simply because we believe we could not find any better elsewhere. 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Abraham Harold Maslow and Self-Actualization Essay

Abraham Harold Maslow and Self-Actualization Abraham Harold Maslow was born on April 1, 1908 in Brooklyn, New York. He was the oldest of seven children born to his parents, who were uneducated Jewish immigrants from Russia. His parents, wanting the best for their children in the â€Å"new world†, pushed him hard in his academic studies. He was smart but shy, and remembered his childhood as being lonely and rather unhappy. He sought refuge in his books and studies. His father hoped he would study as a lawyer, and Maslow enrolled in the City College of New York. After three semesters at CCNY, he transferred to Cornell and then back to CCNY again. He married his first cousin Bertha, against his parent’s wishes and moved to Wisconsin, where†¦show more content†¦Maslow became the leader of the humanistic school of psychology that emerged in the 1950s and 1960s, which he referred to as the â€Å"third force†, beyond Freudian theory and behaviorism. 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For example, if you are hungry and thirsty, you will tend to try and take care of the thirst first. After all, you can live without food for several weeks, but you can only live a few days without water. Maslow tookShow MoreRelated A. H. Maslow Essays595 Words   |  3 Pages Abraham Harold Maslow (1908-1970) Abraham Harold Maslow was born on April 1, 1908 in Brooklyn, New York. He was the oldest of seven children born to his parents, who were uneducated Jewish immigrants from Russia. His parents, wanting the best for their children in the ?new world?, pushed him hard in his academic studies. In order to satisfy his parents, Maslow studied law at the City College of New York. After a few semesters in college, Maslow married his 1st cousin, Bertha Goodman, against hisRead More Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Essay1619 Words   |  7 PagesOutline 1. Biography 2. Theory 3. Theory Application to Teaching 4. 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At home, Maslow did not haveRead MoreTony Fernandes2128 Words   |  9 Pages†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 Death †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦ 4 Humanistic Theories of Self-Actualization ...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦ 4 Hierarchy of Needs †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 6 1. Physiological needs †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 2. Safety needs †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 3. Belongingness and Love needs †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 4. Esteem needs †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 5. Self-actualization †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Maslow’s Hierarchy

The Roots Of Fantasy Assignment A Midsummer Night s Dream

The Roots of Fantasy Assignment: A Midsummer Night’s Dream William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream was written in the early modern period somewhere between 1595 and 1596. The play showcases elements of the fantasy genre which not only influence the plot and overall world of the play but significantly developed and contributed to the genre itself. Shakespeare contrasts the lawful setting of Athens with the enchanted, magical world of the forest, capturing how the role of imagination and transformation is woven into the story. Shakespeare then goes on to use fantastical elements of the Fairy World and its magic to symbolise the recurring theme of love, both the superficial and the meaningful. By observing and analysing these aspects of the play, A Midsummer Night’s Dream clearly showcases itself as a pillar of the fantasy genre. A text which blends together both the world of reality and that of the imaginary, whilst contrasting the polarising ideals and consequences that encounter the characters as they explore bot h of these supposed ‘worlds’. Shakespeare’s depiction of the two settings could be seen as a world of reason versus a world of imagination, the two of which he continuously blurry the boundaries between.The lawful setting of Athens where Hermia is being forcefully pushed into a marriage with Demetrius as opposed to Lysander, transforms Athens into what she refers to as â€Å"hell† (Shakespeare 1.1.207). By contrast, the enchanting woods offer the loverShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore

Act of Kindness Free Essays

reallyThis is a story on an act of kindness I did for this girl I didnt know to well. One day as I was walking home from my old school I saw this girl, she looked like a complete nerd someone I wouldn’t normally talk to. She was walking home looking really sad, kind of like she had no one to talk to. We will write a custom essay sample on Act of Kindness or any similar topic only for you Order Now I walked over to her and introduced myself and she also told me who she was; she said her name is Abby. She was carrying books in her hands and it looked heavy I asked her if I could help. She nodded and told me I was more then welcome. I walked her home that day. I asked her if she would like to hang out sometime to call me and gave her my number, a few weeks later we were best friends. Months down the road she found out she was pregnant, this took me by surprise since I didnt even know she was dating anyone. The guy who got her pregnant walked out and hardly never came around. I could tell by the look on Abby’s face that she was pretty scared. I told her no mater what ill always be there for her if she ever needed anything. The hardest part for her was to tell her parents she was pregnant. Her parents are the strick ones, that go to church every sunday and doesnt allow their daughter to have a boyfriend or anything. So trying to explain to her parents that she had got a boyfriend and had sexual intercorse with him behind there backs was going to be a tough situation. She didnt tell anyone for three months that she was pregnant,but it got down to where she had to say something since she was starting to show. Abby asked me if i could be there with her when she telled her parents on Thursday; I told her i could and that id be there Thursday at four o’clock. Thursday came and I went to her house and as soon as she anwsered the door she started freaking out with panic. I told her to calm down everything will be fine and that if she wants me to tell her parents i would. She appreciated it and told me to tell her parents for her. As we started walking closer to her parents I told them that Abby had something she wanted to tell them. Her parents started getting worried and asked what this was about. I then told her parents that she was scared to tell them about hows shes pregnant. Ive never seen anyones face look so furious in my entire life, They asked me to leave so they could talk as a family. Later that next week Abby’s parents called me and asked me to come over for dinner and talk with them about something. I agreed and told them id be there shortly. As I rushed to get dressed all I could think about was what they wanted to talk to me about, I began to get nervous. As I arrived and walked to the door my stomach dropped and then i knocked on the door. Abby’s parents answered the door and we sat down to eat. After we got done eating Abby’s mom started to tell me how when i met Abby, abby wasnt in the best state of mind. I told them how i already knew and how i talked her out of a bunch of things before and they thanked me. They both thanked me for being such a great friend to Abby, and to this day I help take care of Abby’s daughter. How to cite Act of Kindness, Papers

Automotive Spaceframes Essay Example For Students

Automotive Spaceframes Essay Aluminum usage in automobiles and light trucks has been climbing steadily. Even more important, auto manufacturers are beginning to see aluminum the way aircraft manufacturers do as the basic structural material for their vehicles. Increasingly, in the case of carmakers, that thinking begins with an aluminum body structure such as the spaceframe. Its a new and potentially powerful trend. As recently as 1990, there were no aluminum-structured passenger cars in production anywhere in the world. The closest thing was the HMMV (Hummer), at that time strictly a military vehicle. As of 1997, there were seven aluminum-structured passenger cars in production. For three of them Audi A8, But in the concept vehicle, the spaceframe is modular, a step toward using such structures in a broad range of future vehicles. By changing modules, a carmaker could produce a sedan, a sport utility vehicle, and a pickup truck, all from a single production platform. New programs with Daimler-Benz and Chrysler Alcoa is producing the front energy management structure for the new Mercedes-Benz A-class car (above) now selling in Europe. This 11-piece structure was designed by Alcoa and is robotically assembled at Alcoas plant in Soest, Germany. Production volume is expected to reach 1,000 units per day. For Chrysler, an aluminum rear crossmember designed and manufactured by Alcoa improves the handling and noise-vibration-harshness performance of the all-new 1998 Dodge Intrepid and Chrysler Concorde as well as the 1999 Chrysler LHS and 300M models. AAS will manufacture 270,000 units per year at its Northwood, Ohio plant. Something new around the windshield. A key advance incorporated in the 1997 Corvette is a first-of-its-kind windshield surround developed in a design and engineering collaboration of General Motors and Alcoa. An effective combination of aluminum cast and extruded products makes this an extremely stiff structure, helping the new Corvette to earn excellent reviews for its stiffness and superior handling. Northwood will produce 25,000 windshield surrounds annually. . Design tools to aid in product development New guidelines for use in designing automotive components have been installed at AAS operations in Esslingen, Germany; Southfield, Mich; and Alcoa Technical Center (ATC) near Pittsburgh. Developed by AAS and ATC, the guidelines will assist automotive engineers in evaluating product design and fabrication options. Objectives: Improve design quality and cut development time by 30%. Audi A8 is picked as a technological winner In December, the Audi A8 was named one of the top 25 Winning Technologies by Industry Week (IW) magazine in the U.S. The editors report: ;The 1997 Audi A8 with its aluminum spaceframe body technology indicates what is possible when the status quo in materials is challenged in automotive design. The luxury sedan delivers a new standard in weight savings, structural integrity, safety, performance and comfort.; IW traces the origins of the Audi spaceframe to ;an early 1980s R;D initiative that became a joint-venture with Alcoa. The spaceframe took 10 years to develop,; the editors note, ;and is the result of 40 new patents, seven new aircraft-grade aluminum alloys, and extensive design analysis via supercomputers.; Alloy A substance with metallic properties, composed of two or more chemical elements of which at least one is a metal. More specifically, aluminum plus one or more other elements, produced to have certain specific, desirable characteristics. Alumina Aluminum oxide produced from bauxite by an intricate chemical process. The Acquisition of Consolidated Rail Corporation Sample Essay It is a white powdery material that looks like granulated sugar. Alumina is an intermediate step in the production of aluminum from bauxite and is also a valuable chemical on its own. Aluminum Spaceframe An integrated structure of aluminum castings and extruded parts that forms the primary body frame of a new generation of automobiles. Bauxite An ore from which alumina is extracted and from which aluminum is eventually smelted. Bauxite usually contains at least 45% alumina. About four pounds of bauxite are required to produce one pound of aluminum. Brazing Joining metals by flowing a thin layer of molten, nonferrous filler metal into the space between them. . Crossmember Component of a vehicle structure that spans the structure, joining two sides together. Engineered product .

Virgin Blues Strategy

Introduction This paper tackle the virgin blue company in Australia and the strategies it uses to be an outstanding brand not only in Australia but also in neighboring countries. Some of its competitive advantage has been discussed and also its current marketing strategies it’s using to reach where it is today. The summary of the paper has highlighted some of recommendations which can make Virgin Blue sustain it success in AustraliaAdvertising We will write a custom report sample on Virgin Blue’s Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Virgin blue competitive advantage Competitive advantage is the traits or characteristic the company has which puts it on upper hand than other close competitors (Porter 1985) Virgin blue velocity frequent flyer reward program Members are allowed to purchase tickets which have got points which are accumulated. This allows them to save points which can book off peak flights. if points accumulate then they can be used to book a seat just before the deadline, this is an advantage that stands only in virgin blue, they are sustainable because even if the customer is booking the flight using points he must have travelled severally and purchased these flyers hence even before the flyers have accumulated enough points, the virgin blue is already having its profits. This competitive advantage I believe is more sustainable and it makes the customer feel that they have also owned the company. Still this may be short lived because as it makes more routes the more the customer will accumulate many points which will be subject to the booking of more trips which might be only serviced by points instead of money. Virgin blue extends domestic routes With new jets virgin blue has progressively been able to enter new domestic routes by introducing new jets to service new points and routes which were unconcealed and also supporting those routes by their larger capacity routes in or der to maintain those routes. This may be sustainable by the virtual that the established routes are earning big profits the virgin blue will be able to work their way to the profit. Contrary this may not only be easy because this domestic flight may not be profitable because the customers may be having alternative travelling method domestically which they may prefer to the air travel. Due to transport charges customers may prefer using land transport. On the other hand ,the issue of the established routes supporting the domestic routes may be short lived this is because the larger capacity jets may not be profitable enough to support the domestic routes and also may not be deployable in those domestic routes given their capacity.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Low air fares in virgin blue Virgin blue since it started in Australia has been a discount airline whereby it has got low cost carrier. This made virgin blue to have many customers whom were able to afford for the fare, this consequently made virgin blue to be the second airline in Australia. This is usually sustainable by the fact that the virgin blue is the second airline in Australia in terms of service provision. However were it not for this offer, virgin blue most likely could have been the leading service provider in Australia. According to Slepen (2005) virgin has worked on the evolution of low cost carriers which it says it is a new world carriers completely different from other carriers in the sense that it is introduced as a network rather than carriers which operates from one point to another. This can be sustainable because virgin blue does not operate from only one point to the next but a network which operates within where the company is located. This diverse operation brings trust to the customers who operate from different areas not only from the home market. On the other hand, point to point carriers may appear effective if the company is operating within a local or domestic setting and since the virgin blue has adopted the domestic flights the low cost carrier network may not work well so still they have got to work with one point to the other carrier rather than the network. Advertising in virgin blue Virgin blue has been advertising using the internet and this has been very effective especially when it comes to social sites such as face book and twitter and also Wifi internet access for those who are travelling. Still virgin blue has been advertising through news papers which have also proved to be very effective. For example in the newspapers they posted an advert ‘pass the parcel ‘which was also advertised in the internet. This was after 9 years of operations and they took it as the world biggest game for the 9th birthday.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Virgin Blue’s Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In participating in the game an individual was supposed to un-wrap the parcel and one has a chance of passing the parcel to friends who are still to do the same. This also allows the participants to win prizes and also increase their chances of winning if they pass on to friends (Global advertising archive 2011) Virgin blue current marketing strategies are both deliberate and emergent. This is shown in the following ways; Marketing strategies as deliberate process Virgin blue as we have seen from the above newspaper and internet advert is a deliberate process this is because the adverts are only posted in internet through the comment of the owner, hence virgin blue usually pays for those adverts with the aim of many people accessing them and also others participating in them to win prizes. Virgin blue has deliberately used velocity reward system to attract its customers by making its customers to earn points which can be redeemed a nd pay for holiday packages also redeem seats with all those partners who are in velocity Airlines partners. This strategy is for marketing purposes because they make customers enjoy many diversified services from many partners by joining the velocity. This strategy has attracted customers towards the services of virgin blue. Another deliberate marketing strategy is using low cost air which is targeted to winning trust among many customers. This was done to counter the competition of others companies which are offering the same services. This to a great extent has enabled Virgin Blue to be popular and a great number of customers are enjoying its services due to that fact. The increased domestic routes in Australia are another marketing strategy which was deliberately started to increase the company’s effective and dominance in Australia through their excellent customer service. Marketing strategies as emergent process Despite the fact that virgin blue has been so vibrant, in its marketing strategies, not all marketing strategies it has devised has been successful, other marketing strategies which have emerged in the market has assisted virgin blue despite that it has not contributed towards those strategies. As mentioned earlier social network has also contributed towards virgin blue because in those social networks one can only sign in an account and all those other marketing strategies thereon are usually dictated by those who are viewing your page. This means that when one reads a virgin blue article he or she may like the article and recommend it to other friends who are in those social networks; this has drastically popularized virgin blue.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Marketing Strategies Swot analysis Virgin Blue has used its strengths to market the services of the airline. The airline has introduced low cost fares and a reward system for the customers. Besides low cost fares, it has high quality service and has increased the frequency of the route. The other strength is in the addition of domestic routes and introduction of international route. Virgin blue has been keen to avoid situations that would reveal weaknesses. The employees are well trained under a special program to prepare them for competitive service. One of the weaknesses is the cabins. Virgin Blue has increased the frequency of routes and added other routes to its network which gives it the opportunity to be the proffered choice for domestic travel. Although the jets were ideal to make the domestic route sustainable, the locals are hesitant to spend. There is reduced traveling due to the past disasters that has affected the economy of the potential client and the leisure destinati ons. Another the low cost are challenged by the constantly increasing prices of fuel which is a major threat. The fuel prices cause inflation of prices. Competitive analysis This is usually the close examination analysis or assessment of the competitors’ strength and weaknesses. It provides defensive strategies together with offensive strategies (Fleisher, Craig and Babette, 2003). This will reveal the opportunities that a company is exposed to and also the threats that may come along if the company will venture in that particular business (Gordon, 1989) Virgin blue took into account the fare prices that the other competitors were offering and chose to give lower their rates. Implementing the low cost, they maintain the clients by giving quality services to retain them. The innovation of the rewards system is retaining in the competitive market. Virgin Australia a competitor was forced to discard its pricing list and adjusted them to be able to get domestic passengers. This w as due to the fact that Virgin Blue had introduced low prices and was getting a lot of domestic customers. Other airlines introduced discounts for the domestic as well as international market. This completion led to low priced for domestic air travel. During the same rime the fuel prices were increasing which became a challenge to the businesses. Internal analysis (4 P’S) The 4 p’s marketing strategies usually covers the product being involved in the market, its price bonds the publicity and the place the business is usually carried out in. Virgin Blue ensures that the jets are in good shape and are maintained so as to remain as the best jets for domestic travel. Some of the jets have leather seats and offer food among other benefits while traveling. All these services are given for low cost. The cost is friendly to the public. They bond with the public by introducing a reward system that encourages the public to associate with the organization. They further make it po ssible for the public to be able to access most parts of the country more often. The airline company ensures that it meets the customer’s needs by giving services that they require. For instance, Virgin Blue increased the number of routes especially in destinations that people conduct business. They added the number of jets to accommodate travel needs of the customers. They also started flying into leisure destinations. Besides improving the domestic flights, it also extended airline service across the border making it possible for people to access other international destinations. Porter five forces The five porter forces by the analysis are an effective strategy. Virgin Blue has maintained the existing competition and conquered by causing more competition. By introducing the reward system that involves accumulation of points, it maintained its customers and won others (Bobette, 2011). The strategy of maintaining the customers protects Virgin Blue from losing customers to a new competitor. The airline company realized that the customers compare prices and the quality services other competitors have. It made arrangements to lower the fares and gave the best service to the customer. Virgin Blue recognizes the fact that other airlines are capable of becoming the best and therefore it makes arrangement for a strategy which will make it the convenient provider of services. Lastly, force of a replacement by the road transport is considered. Virgin Blue lower the price encourage people fly instead of going by road. Appropriate changes in Virgin blue Marketing strategies The marketing strategies so far virgin blue has been demonstrating are appropriate thanks to its continued making profits but still more can be done to make sure that its success in the Australian airline is guaranteed. Virgin blue has been known by its incorporation of female names and words from Australia which brings a great deal of its airplane in Australia (Journal of marketing 2011). How ever this can also be supplemented by using Australian names which talks much about its culture and traditions which are deep rooted in aboriginal art that is indigenous Australian art. This will assist the virgin blue to appear to have adopted the culture of Australia and the issue of owning the company in Australia may be enhanced. Virgin blue should offer more partnership with cricket in Australia which falls among the most popular sports in Australia this will make the virgin blue to be popular not only in the Australia but also worldwide. Virgin blue should speed up regional expansion strategies to make sure that it operates on other new regional routes apart from the one which has been in operation (Ian, 1989). This will make Virgin Blue to be advantaged over other airlines because it will take all the terminals to the customers and its efficiency will of course have taken its customers confidence. Virgin Blue should expand its partnership to many non competing companies in Au stralia to promote their services while these companies may do the same, for example clothe companies’ beverage companies and many others. The issue of social responsibility in Australian society should be embraced by virgin blue whereby it should deal with externalities, that is environmental damages which might arise due to their operations and also giving back to the society in form of foundation and many more. Summary The above research has essentially identified the strategies which virgin blue has used for it to reach those high levels of success (Stephen, 2005). It is evident that for any company to excel it must have a sustainable competitive advantage for it to survive the competition locally and globally. Virgin blue has demonstrated to be a company on its own class; it has incorporated strategies which not many companies under the same scope would be able to improvise. Secondly any company which is competing globally should at least have knowledge of other companie s in the market and this can only be done through competitive analysis of other competing companies. It’s through this analysis that we learn strengths and weaknesses of the competitors. It is also recommended that a company before entering into any competitive market it should first analyze its strengths weaknesses opportunities and threats which are in the environment, commonly known as SWOT analysis. Reference List Bobette, K., 2011. Stronger SWOT Analysis and Marketing 4 p’s. Web. Fleisher, C. S. and Babette, E., 2003. Strategic and Competitive Analysis: Methods and  Approaches to Analyzing Business Competition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall publishers. Global adversity archive., 2011. Virgin blue: pass the parcel. Web. Ian, G., 1989. Beat the Competition: How to Use Competitive Intelligence to Develop Winning  Business Strategies. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell Publishers. Journal of marketing., 2011. Marketing power. Web. Porter, M. E., 1985. Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. 1  Edition. New York: The Free Press. Stephen, B., 2005. Virgin blue maneuvers. Available at https://www.theage.com.au/business/virgin-blue-manoeuvres-20051201-ge1ci1.html?page=2 This report on Virgin Blue’s Strategy was written and submitted by user Kayle1gh to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.