Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Neural Correlates And...

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Neural Correlates and Biomarkers Author: Mirriam Mikhail Student ID: 998991989 Institution: University of Toronto Scarborough Word Count: Abstract Post-traumatic stress disorder was officially classified approximately three decades ago. Considering its relatively recent discovery, the complete etiology and optimal biological therapies are yet to be elucidated. This review examines the neural correlates and biomarkers of PTSD along with biological therapy options. Studies revealed that hypoactivation of the ACC and hyperactivation of the amygdala are consistent with PTSD, suggesting that the prefrontal cortex may be increasingly unable to regulate the emotional processes of the amygdala.†¦show more content†¦These symptoms, sometimes referred to as ‘soldier’s heart’ were only defined as a disorder in 1980, when it was officially terms posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is a psychological condition that occurs following traumatic experiences that pose a real or apparent threat to life. The person may re-experience the trauma, avoid associated stimuli and be in a state of hyperarousa l (Admon, Milad Hendler, 2013). Considering that the condition was more recently classified, the etiology and optimal treatment of the disease have yet to be completely verified. However, considering that approximately half of the population will be exposed to a traumatic event within their lifetime, it is imperative that we appreciate the understanding and treatment of the disorder (Admon et al., 2013). There is a broad variability of data that implicates a variety of brain regions in the disorder. Recently, several biomarkers have been discovered concordant with the manifestation of the disorder. The purpose of this review is to focus on the neural correlates and biomarkers of PTSD and their use in facilitating interventional therapy. It will consider findings related to peripheral markers such as cortisol and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and various neural pathways that may lead to the presentation of the disorder. A critical analysis of these recent findings will elucidate and aid

Socio Economic Factors And Good Health - 1498 Words

The coherence between socio-economic factors and good health has been observed over a few decades and, that the socio –economic factors have a massive impact on the health of the individual are not new. Today, the Government UK provides a range of health campaigns, to alert the public to live healthier. Health promotions in schools, children centre, and community centre or in the hospital taking place. Such for example,† the fit for life campaign, â€Å"where the main focus is to eat healthy food. However, there are still barriers which have an influence on the behaviour of the individual, to take part by health promotions. Therefore, it is important to have a look what is the background of the individual, to understand their behaviour. 1.1One impact of socio –economic influences on the health, can be the cultural tradition. For example, in some cultures is overweight, seeing as something positive as this shows the social status in their society. Skinny people would be associated with poorness, therefore is â€Å"feeding† a common practice by some cultures, regardless other health consequences. This behaviour is completely the opposite what health campaigns associating with overweight in the UK. Here is to think about how can those people getting persuade to change their attitude, as overweight is associated with their social status and cultural tradition. Another example, according to ACS distance education (2015), â€Å"some cultures encourage and respect higher birth amounts inShow MoreRelatedA Model of Determinents of Health751 Words   |  3 PagesA determinant of health refers to an aspect that leads to change in health status,either for the benefit or non-benefit (Keleher and Murphy, 2004). 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Why are there so many issues – especially related to inequality – with the Guinean healthcare system? The answer lies in the impact Guinea’s lackluster economic development has had on her health sector. One key factor is expenditure. There are three categories: government (which goes into directly supplied healthcare services

Julius Caesar on Honour Free Essays

Despite the word ‘honor’ being used frequently in the play, there is little evidence of it actually being demonstrated in the play. Do you agree? In Shakespearean’ Julius Caesar the idea of honor was a central element to the play. By definition honor involves a sense of self-sacrifice and the quality of knowing and doing something morally right; although this definition was challenged by characters trying to balance personal honor and national honor. We will write a custom essay sample on Julius Caesar on Honour or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many circumstances in the play occurred due to the characters attempting to be honorable and others acting in spite of it. Although the word honor was mentioned numerous times there was little evidence of characters actually displaying this trait. This essay will explore characters that didn’t show honor and had negative traits but also cover the little honor that was shown, by characters such as Brutes. Honor was spoken about more than it was shown but there is still some evidence of honor displayed in this play. Many characters in the play, Julius Caesar, did not show honor towards others in many different situations. There was a large use of the word honor, especially in the scene here Antonym was addressing the audience, but the word was overused and sarcastic. â€Å"For Brutes is an honorable man, So are they all, all honorable men† (3. 2. 74) Antonym stated that all the conspirators were honorable and by this he was trying to persuade the audience to disagree with this statement. This speech mentioned honor numerous times but there was no sincerity about it being displayed. All the conspirators apparently killed Caesar for all of Rome but we know that especially with Cassias and Case, that they did it not only for Rome but for themselves. L was born free as Caesar; so were you; We both have fed as well, and e can both; Endure the winter’s cold as well as he† (1. 2. 97) Cassias was Jealous of Career’s power and therefore the killing of Caesar from the view of Cassias and Case was dishonorable. Also Decides convinced and lied to Caesar about coming to the senate and pl ayed on Caesar weaknesses which was dishonorable. To honor someone in this play sometimes meant that it would be dishonorable to others. This was displayed a lot in the play as characters struggled to choose between personal and national honor. What was right for the city was wrong for Caesar, which is what al the conspirators positions. They had to choose, especially Brutes, to honor their friend or their city. With the influences of Cassias for Brutes the choice was made and it was an honorable act in the eyes of some but obviously the murder of a friend was quite the opposite. This was also a problem with Antonym; â€Å"Career’s spirit, ranging for revenge, With Ate by his side, come hot from hell† (3. 1. 270) Antonym needed to honor the memory of his close friend by killing the conspirators. This could be seen as an honorable act because he needed to stand by his friend but it as also a savage act of proclaiming war with many causing numerous deaths, such as Brutes, Tinnitus, Case and many more. Therefore the act of being honorable was diminished as it wasn’t an honorable act to all. Honor was a trait spoken about more than displayed but there was some displays of honorable and righteous actions. Brutes was a very honorable character throughout the whole play and was the only character who stuck by his values. Set honor in one eye and death I’ the rather die than be dishonorable and throughout the play he displays this many mimes. â€Å"Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more. † (3. 2. 22) He talks about honoring Rome over honoring his friend Caesar. Some may say this is dishonorable but Brutes never had bad intentions and Just wanted what was best for everyone. In Brute’s speech he wanted to tell the audience what happened ho nestly and he made an effort with Antonym also, although that didn’t end up being a wise decision. Even at the end, when Brutes committed suicide, it was about honor. He did not want to be captured and paraded through his fellow Romans so he had Strata, â€Å"a fellow of a good respect†, to assist him to kill himself and to calm the ghost of Caesar. From studying many characters in Julius Caesar, it is obvious that honor is a central concept in the play. Although this is the case, having examined the characters and their actions honorable actions are not shown in most situations. While this is the case with the majority of characters, there is the exception of Brutes and some characters who attempt to have good intentions and act honorably. Overall honor is spoken about a lot more then it is displayed. How to cite Julius Caesar on Honour, Papers

Cousin Kate Essay Example For Students

Cousin Kate Essay The poem Cousin Kate is about a young cottage maiden who falls pregnant b the Lord of the manor, she thought he loved her but he didnt and when he found out she was pregnant he changed like a glove, now he is marrying her cousin, (Kate) bound you with his ring and she is left with no one because as she pregnant and not married no-one wants to speak to her and everyone where she lives thinks she disgusting an unclean thing The poem is written by Christina Rossetti and is set in the 19th century; the setting is a small plantation in a small village. The main themes within Cousin Kate are love and relationships and how people can get hurt and let down easily by the other person. The cottage maidens love I think was nai ve but I think she did truly love him, he obviously didnt feel the same way and used her for what he could get from her, and he succeeded, he took he virginity from her and thought nothing of ending the relationship with the cottage maiden even though (I think) she was a young innocent girl. The relationship between Cousin Kate and the Lord is true love, he has finally realized he cannot keep getting young girls into trouble and must be serious about Kate if he is prepared to marry her and as Kate is a good and pure girl it is even better. The lord asked for Kates hand in marriage and she accepted. The cottage maid thought that he married Kate because she was innocent and pure, Because you were so good and pure/He bound you with his ring the cottage maiden is in complete contrast to her cousin. The only good thing that came out of this was the cottage maiden had a hild, Yet Ive a gift you have not got and my fair-haired son. Their love is described by the Cottage Maiden as being writ in sand. I think that one of the messages in this poems was at this time is that society thought men were better than women and had more rights than women we can see this in the poem because the lord was just able to pick who he wanted and change the last girl like a glove. The lord abuses his power because he knows that the women cannot refuse him because they work for him and would not refuse him because he is wealthy and they are living in a time of bad poverty. The cottage maiden is feeling very hurt and bitter not only towards the Lord but also to her Cousin Kate as they are related and she was with the lord first and is carrying his child. Cousin Kate is written in the first person tense- from the point of view of the cottage maiden; therefore it allows her to express a number of opinions and feelings. Like I said above the mood of the poems is a very angry and bitter one, feelings are shown by the use of images such as the cottage maiden says she, might have been a dove if she had not fallen for the advances of the lord. She uses the image of the dove in order to allude to her innocence. The similes in the poem work well in expressing the cottage maidens emotions and help to create a an angry and sad mood to the poem, some examples of these similes are he wore me like a silken knot this sentence links the treatment of the cottage maiden with treatment of discarded clothing, he changed me like a glove this sentence shows how quickly and easily the Lord dumped the Cottage maiden for her cousin. .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868 , .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868 .postImageUrl , .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868 , .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868:hover , .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868:visited , .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868:active { border:0!important; } .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868:active , .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868 .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u615dde32a2b4c24f92b54be66555f868:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ted Hughes's poems Analysis EssayIn Cousin Kate we learn about a male character known as the Lord, we do not know a lot about him except that he is a very wealthy man palace home, when reading the poem I instantly thought that he was hard, cruel and had, had lots of girlfriends but no where in the poem does it say this I think Christina Rossetti uses a certain language when writing about the lord to make use feel this. He treats the cottage Maiden unfairly, she didnt get herself pregnant on purpose it was a much his fault as it was hers, so instead of leaving her to be a single parent and bring the child up on her own he should take some responsibility and help her instead of ignoring her and marrying her cousin! The lord has power over women; in particular he uses his wealth and charm to seduce the cottage maiden. Christina Rossetti makes us dislike the lord by using sentences such as he lured me this sentence makes him sound like a dirty, old man or a creep, he chose you and cast me by this sentence shows that once he had, had his wicked way with the woman he would just disregard her and pick another one. The poem has a female as the central character, we dont know her name but we do know that she works as a cottage maiden and has a lord as her boss. She is presented to be a young and naive women. I think that she is young because of things that describe her life contented with my cottage mates not mindful I was fair she fell in love with the lord but he used her, after she found out she was pregnant but he wants nothing to do with her or the child, she hates him for this I would spit in his face but I think she is still in love with him, she is not only angry at the way hes treated her but she is also very hurt. She thought he loved her back thats why she is so heartbroken my love was true. The cottage maiden is also confused she wants to know why he used and abused her why did the great lord find me out, to fill my heart with care? she wants some simple answers to why she has been so badly treated. Its not only the Lord that has treated her badly because she is pregnant and not married the people in the village are disgraced the neighbors call me the unclean thing. In the olden days if you were not married and fell pregnant or single and found out that you were pregnant people were appalled, your family would have been ashamed of you and may even have disowned you! So a single parents fate was they would probably have stayed single because people were so disgusted with them, not had many friends and they would have been very poor. The cottage maiden in my opinion is a strong person, obviously she is hurt and upset but she doesnt seem to let what people think about her upset her a lot, she knows that one day the lord will want her child to wear his coronet so she is just waiting for that time. In conclusion, we can see that the poem has a good meaning it maybe sad the beginning as the cottage maiden was treated so cruelly and badly by the lord but in but in the end the cottage maiden will get what she deserves because she knows that her cousin Kate cannot have children so the lord will eventually (maybe) want to marry the cottage maiden because she has a child by him and he will want a son to carry on his family name and business.

The Art of Great Wall

The Great Wall of China, one of the world’s wonders and one of the greatest engineering projects in the history of the humankind is surrounded by myths and controversy which attract researchers and tourists all over the world. Preserved since ancient times, the Great Wall of China consists of scattered fragments which were built as the fortification lines but losing their defense value, are recognized as a historical and cultural relic.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Art of Great Wall specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Separate fragments of the Great Wall of China are more than 2, 000 years and the history of their creation is lost in centuries, giving rise to numerous myths and legends as well as debates of the historians. The construction of the first parts is dated back to the Warring States Period. The conventional view on the creation of the first fragments is that these fortifications lin es were the product of the struggle between Chinese farmers and nomadic horsemen at the end of the Warring States Period around 200 BC. However, there are scholars who oppose this traditional approach, viewing the history of this colossal project from a fresh perspective. For example, Nicola Di Cosmo considered the wish of Chinese governments to expand into the neighboring territories as the main precondition for intensifying the fortifications and building the walls. â€Å"Di Cosmo has pointed to an important shift in Chinese military strategy during the Warring States Period† (Slavicek, Mitchell, and Matray 20). Later, Quin Shi Huang who was the first emperor of the Quin Dynasty, managed to overcome his competitors and to unite China into a single empire. He is known for a number of political and economic reforms aimed at transforming the old China and strengthening the empire. Quin Shi Huang joined the parts of the Wall and extended it to a total length of 5, 000 kilometer s for the purpose of creating a formidable defense line in the north, destroying the old inner defensive systems such as the complexes of walls and watchtowers. â€Å"The giant wall would not only serve as protection against invading nomads but also stand as a symbol of the Chinese emperor’s great power† (Richardson 10). Only scattered parts of the original construction have survived till the modern times, and the precise length of Huang Di’s Wall is unknown. The majority of modern scholars believe that the Great Wall of that period was not less than 1, 500 miles as compared to 3, 889 miles of the present day construction (Slavicek, Mitchell, and Matray 26). That project of the Qin dynasty is defined as the First Great Wall, and the following projects of the Second Great Wall by Han Dynasty, the Third Great Wall by Jin Dynasty and the Final Great Wall by Ming Dynasty contributed to the original construction.Advertising Looking for research paper on art? Let 's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At present, the Wall is not used as a defensive barrier. â€Å"The Great Wall completely lost its purpose, both as a military defense line and as a national boundary† (Slavicek, Mitchell, and Matray 4). The last battle took place at the wall in 1938 and since then it has been damaged by the sun and wind. Within the previous century, a significant part of the wall was robbed by the local inhabitants who used the rocks and stone for building their houses. The government used the materials of the Wall for more ambitious projects and ruined it for building the highways and enlarging the cities. It was only in 1984 that the President Deng Xiaoping started the restoration of the Wall, recognizing its cultural and symbolic value for China and its people (Evans 8). Initially built as a fortification line, the ancient Great Wall of China has lost its defense value and became a historical and cultural reli c of the country. The numerous myths surrounding the history of construction of the Great Wall are preconditioned with the remoteness of the date of its origin and the lack of knowledge of the Chinese citizens concerning the history and the purpose of creating the fortification line. As an important historical relic and cultural symbol, this colossal construction attracted attention of historians, archeologists and artists all over the world. The first well-known associated with the Wall says that one million of people were buried in the wall for making it stronger. â€Å"To date, however, no bones, human or otherwise, have ever been found in the wall, nor are there official records that humans, alive or dead, were deliberately or accidentally buried in the wall† (Evans 11). This myth was reflected in Chinese poems and fairy tales, but can be explained as the misinterpretation of the claim that millions of people died because they worked hard on the project of the Wall. Anoth er widely spread myth is that the mortar used in the Wall was made of crushed human bones. However, there is evidence that the Ming dynasty used rice as a bounding element for the wall and confiscated it from the south population for completing the project. The majority of these terrifying myths are rooted in the draconian methods of exploitation of the workers which were implemented by the Chinese emperors for completing the colossal building project. Like many other military constructions, the Great Wall of China was innovative for its time and required combination of innovative architectural designs and defense measures along with hard labor of millions of Chinese citizens, the whole garrisons of soldiers and prisoners. Though the Great Wall consists of scattered fragments built in different periods of time and projected by different people, the features of ancient Chinese architectural style can be found in it. There are five major types of construction and materials which were used in the construction of this ancient fortification line, namely stone, brick, rammed earth, adobe and cliff.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Art of Great Wall specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Rammed earth is the oldest type of construction which presupposed combination of wooden planks, clay and layers of earth. The samples of this construction can still be found in the present day Wall. Adobe walls were erected mostly in dry regions because the adobe bricks had to be dried in the sun after cementation. Though these walls could be easily eroded by rains, the accessibility and cheapness of the required materials were their advantages. Cliff walls construction means that the natural cliffs have been incorporated into the construction of the Great Wall. The stone walls have been popular among the Chinese builders for several millennia and were used mainly in the mountainous regions because of the a vailability of the necessary materials. The brick walls were used by the Ming dynasty and could be easily transported and modified. As a historical relic preserved since ancient times, the Great Wall of China can be regarded as storage of ancient Chinese culture and wisdom. The samples of rock art on the Wall are of great interest for historians and sociologists because they can tell much about the life of people and their system of beliefs. The architectural methods, military designs and constructions were really progressive for their time, making this project one of the recognized world’s wonders, a part of UNESCO’s cultural heritage and an important historical site. Disregarding all the myths and controversy surrounding the history of the construction of the Wall, its remains one of the greatest architectural projects in the history of the humankind and its art value is undeniable. The Chinese people are proud of the Great Wall and consider at least one visit to thi s important historical hub as their moral duty. As one of the colossal architectural projects, the construction of the Wall required sacrificing materials and human resources. Along with the lack of historical evidence from the times of its construction, the draconian methods used by the emperors for building the Great Wall of China give rise to numerous myths and scientific debates, however, not diminishing its historical and cultural value. Works Cited Evans, Thammy. Great Wall of China: Beijing and Northern China. Guilford: Globe Pequot Press. 2006. Print. Richardson, Adele. Great Wall of China. Mankato: Creative Education. 2006. Print.Advertising Looking for research paper on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Slavicek, Louise, George Mitchell, and James Matray. The Great Wall of China. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. 2005. Print. This research paper on The Art of Great Wall was written and submitted by user Jenny C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on The Struggle For Gay Rights

The struggle for gay rights continues in America. Most Americans believe we have come a long way in the civil rights movement and in some facets we have. It’s wonderful that African Americans can drink from the same water fountain as anyone else. They no longer have to sit in the back of the bus. Women can now vote and smoke in public (where smoking is allowed) if they wish. People are given the freedom of religion as long as it does not involve practicing this in a public school or other public venues that bar practicing religion. But where are the rights for gay men and women? Many believe the Stonewall Riots of New York City sparked the modern gay rights movement (Altman). They occurred after the police raided a popular gay bar, the Stonewall Bar, in Manhattan’s Greenwich Village. Although other homophile groups did already exist in America, the new energy and militancy generated by the riots created new organizations with different goals and methods. The country was greeted with vocal and demanding groups such as the Gay Activists Alliance and the Gay Liberation Front. The liberal movement called for equal rights for gays. This would entail the abolishment of all anti-homosexual laws, as well as the inclusion of all rights accorded to heterosexuals including marriage. It’s sad to think that in the 35 years that has past since that Stonewall raid on June 27, 1969 we are still working on equal rights for gay individuals. Not all anti-homosexual laws have been abolished and gays are still not allowed to marry in most states. Still today gays are denied the rights that other American Citizens hold. The gay community declares that they are stigmatized and indeed oppressed, denied basic civil and constitutional rights, solely because they are viewed disfavorably by the majority of American citizens and because of the popular belief that they are sexual, psychological deviants or inherently immoral according to th... Free Essays on The Struggle For Gay Rights Free Essays on The Struggle For Gay Rights The struggle for gay rights continues in America. Most Americans believe we have come a long way in the civil rights movement and in some facets we have. It’s wonderful that African Americans can drink from the same water fountain as anyone else. They no longer have to sit in the back of the bus. Women can now vote and smoke in public (where smoking is allowed) if they wish. People are given the freedom of religion as long as it does not involve practicing this in a public school or other public venues that bar practicing religion. But where are the rights for gay men and women? Many believe the Stonewall Riots of New York City sparked the modern gay rights movement (Altman). They occurred after the police raided a popular gay bar, the Stonewall Bar, in Manhattan’s Greenwich Village. Although other homophile groups did already exist in America, the new energy and militancy generated by the riots created new organizations with different goals and methods. The country was greeted with vocal and demanding groups such as the Gay Activists Alliance and the Gay Liberation Front. The liberal movement called for equal rights for gays. This would entail the abolishment of all anti-homosexual laws, as well as the inclusion of all rights accorded to heterosexuals including marriage. It’s sad to think that in the 35 years that has past since that Stonewall raid on June 27, 1969 we are still working on equal rights for gay individuals. Not all anti-homosexual laws have been abolished and gays are still not allowed to marry in most states. Still today gays are denied the rights that other American Citizens hold. The gay community declares that they are stigmatized and indeed oppressed, denied basic civil and constitutional rights, solely because they are viewed disfavorably by the majority of American citizens and because of the popular belief that they are sexual, psychological deviants or inherently immoral according to th...

Current Event Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Current Event - Research Paper Example This mainly affects consumers since the prices of commodities go on the rise and money becomes scarcer. The value of money in the affected states declines and therefore, a lot of money can only afford remarkably few commodities (Von, 2006). It is not easy to detect inflation as we can detect other things like drought. Once inflation has occurred, it puts away investors, and they prefer to invest in other states where the likelihood of making profits is higher with fewer risks of their businesses collapsing. This is in line with Buttonwood’s arguments. It even results to release of fewer goods and services into the market since raw materials are unavailable or the cost is too high. Customers may end up lacking particularly essential commodities or getting them at exaggerated prices. Inflation may be because of different things. Buttonwood article gives mixed reactions from economists. The article confirms that inflation might be as a result of hoarding of essential commodities that are in high demand. However, the main cause of inflation is the government activities, Buttonwood confirm. In cases where the government prints excess money, when it releases it in to circulation, aiming to deal with a certain crisis it raises inflation instead. Increased supply of money results to decline in the value of money reducing the prices of commodities and raising inflation (Voitovich, 1995) Customers are among those directly affected by profit margins. A raised profit margin increases the prices of commodities, and this affects the quantity that the consumer purchases. High profit margins can help maintain a business in the market, but this is only possible if their particular goods are in high demand (Von, 2006). Failure to have high demands, the company fails to realize its set goal, hence may end up not affording to pay its workers, and therefore only resolves to lay them off. According to Robinson (2007), unemployment means further decline in the products consump tion fewer sales and therefore this only favors the competitors of the declining business. International lending and national debts by the third world may be a leading cause of inflation. The developing countries borrow funds from the developed ones and pay them off with heavy interests (Sandmo, 2011). To deal with the debts they developing governments overtax their consumers to raise revenue and this result to increased prices of commodities reducing affordability. The citizens carry the burden of buying goods at unreasonably high prices. This is usually exploitation of the developing countries by the already developed ones. Article relation to economics Scheidel (2007) in support of Buttonwood (2012) article adds that another cause of inflation may be political instabilities within states. In cases of involvement into wars, the environment is usually not conducive for producers and therefore this means shortages in the supply of commodities. He argues that shortages in supply mean hiked prices that are unaffordable with the limited finances available. For example, when U.S.A attacked Iraq, this caused political instability in Iraq and hence affected the supply of petroleum products to the entire world. Supply of oil drastically declined and therefore this caused global inflation, that shortage affected every country. This has also happened in African countries after the supply of oil by Libya was